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For a massless particle, Wigner noted the little group is isomorphic to E(2), namely two-dimensional Euclidean group with one rotational and two translational degrees of freedom.

He then wrote dowm the following ugly matrix as the transformation matrix.

Weinberg struggled with this matrix in one of his 1964 papers.


According to my understanding of Weinberg's efforts,

  • Rotation = Photon spin

  • Translations = Gauge Transformation






This is frame 21.

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